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TECNICAS PARA
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AHORA !!
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SOLICITA EL NEWSLETTER HACIENDOCLICK AQUI |
JOHNSON, VIRGINIA E.Virginia E. Johnson (1925– ) is a psychologist, sex researcher, and codirector of the Reproductive Biology Research Foundation, St. Louis, Missouri. She is one-half of the team known as Masters and Johnson, whose research in sexual dysfunction and therapeutic counseling is as familiar to the layperson as it is to the medical community. They have scientifically analyzed the physiological changes that occur in the male and female bodies during sexual stimulation. In 1959, Masters and Johnson began to apply the knowledge gained from their research by treating couples for sexual inadequacy. Their focus on symptomatic treatment, rather than on underlying psychological problems, was facilitated by a therapeutic team of one male and one female counselor. Johnson developed an exercise to reestablish the physical relationship of the couple through nondemanding touching called "sensate focus." According to Masters and Johnson the success rate among the couples they treat is dramatically high. Masters and Johnson have established a postgraduate course in their therapeutic techniques at Washington University and have developed workshops for nonmedical professionals on human sexual functioning. Their early books Human Sexual Response and Human Sexual Inadequacy were written for the medical community; nevertheless, they became best-sellers overnight. Johnson convinced Masters that their research should be made available to the general public, and as a result they have become regular contributors to Playboy and Redbook magazines. MASTERS, WILLIAM HOWELLWilliam Howell Masters has been second only to Alfred Kinsey in his influence on American sexology in the last half of the 20th century. He and his collaborator, Virginia E. Johnson, became internationally known almost overnight with the publication, in April 1966, of Human Sexual Response. The book was the first to describe in detail how the human body responded to erotic stimulation during both masturbation and coitus. Responses of the penis, scrotum, and testes, the breasts, clitoris, labia, vagina, cervix, uterus, and other parts of the body were all presented and explained. Their experiments were made possible by new technical breakthroughs in photographic and recording equipment not available to their predecessors. Second to Human Sexual Response in influence was Human Sexual Inadequacy, published in 1970. This work emphasized their difference with Kinsey, since, unlike Kinsey, they had an explicit therapeutic intent. Kinsey portrayed himself as a pure scientist whose sole concern was to establish the facts, while Masters and Johnson were clinicians first and scientists after. Though the Masters and Johnson style is often turgid and sometimes unclear, and, as has been pointed out by their critics, they claimed greater success in treatment than perhaps was warranted, they became the major figures in the exploding field of sex therapy in the 1960s and 1970s, and remain so at this time. They successfully challenged and undermined the predominant psychoanalytic approach to sexual dysfunction and in the process emphasized a behavioral approach. Masters was born in Cleveland in 1915 to a well-to-do family. He attended Lawrenceville Preparatory School and then went on to receive a bachelor's degree from Hamilton College in 1938. He enrolled in medical school at the University of Rochester, where he came into contact with George Washington Comer, a major figure on the National Research Council's Committee for Research on Sex Problems. It was Corner who was instrumental in getting funding for Kinsey. Masters worked with Comer on the estrous cycle in the female rabbit, and it was this experience that seemed to be influential in directing Masters into further research into human sexuality. Masters talked to Corner about the possibility and Corner gave him some often quoted advice: namely, that Masters should wait until he was at least 40 before tackling sex research, should first earn a reputation in some other scientific field, and should wait until he could secure the sponsorship of a major medical school or university. This was advice that Masters followed. He married in 1942, received his M.D. degree in 1943, and from 1943 to 1947 was an intern and then a resident in obstetrics and gynecology at Barnes Hospital and Maternity Hospital, Washington University School of Medicine, in St. Louis. After completing his residency, he became, successively, an instructor, assistant professor, and associate professor; a specialist certified by the American Board of Obstetricians and Gynecologists; and the father of two children. He also published on a variety of obstetrical and gynecological subjects, although much of his research was concentrated on hormone-replacement therapy for aging women. In 1954, Masters felt ready to begin a comprehensive study of the physiological responses involved in sexual activity, and he initiated a program within the framework of the department of obstetrics and gynecology at Washington University. As a preliminary step, he interviewed at length and in depth 118 female and 27 male prostitutes, and 11 of them, 8 women and 3 men, participated in a preliminary series of laboratory observations. Though he gained many insights from the prostitutes, he ultimately decided that he could not base his study on them, since many of them exhibited various degrees of pelvic pathology; this, coupled with the fact that they were often transient and undependable, led him to seek volunteers. In all, some 694 individuals, including 276 married couples, participated in the laboratory program Masters established. These individuals were not involved in the therapy programs and were a separate and distinct group. Originally, Masters did much of the work by himself, but he felt a need to have a woman assist in research interviewing. Virginia Eschelman Johnson, who had applied to the Washington University Placement Bureau for a job following her separation from her husband, was chosen by Masters to join the project, and she increasingly took greater responsibility. In 1959, Masters, in conjunction with Virginia Johnson, launched a therapy program designed to help couples suffering from various sexual inadequacies. This area of the clinic grew in importance, and other therapists joined them. In 1964, the programs were placed under the auspices of the Reproductive Biology Research Foundation. Masters and Johnson later married, although they separated from each other in 1992. As they aged, Virginia Johnson increasingly withdrew from taking an active part in the clinic, while Masters himself continued working. Currently, he still remains active. Interestingly, as sex therapists Masters and Johnson put more emphasis on the social-psychological factors of anorgasmia and impotence than on the physical. Generally also, Masters and Johnson have approached the study of sexuality from the point of view of a heterosexual couple. In large part, they felt that the struggle for sexual happiness was essentially a struggle for the mind. This presupposition has been a source of major criticism in recent years. Others have criticized the ambiguity inherent in some of their description of the phases of the sexual response cycle. Still others have criticized their claimed success rate. It may well be, however, that the poorer success rate reported by other therapists is due to the fact that the greater availability of information led to a decline in the number of people who sought therapy for relatively simple problems, leaving more complex problems requiring more intensive treatment. Certainly, the optimism that prevailed at the beginning of the Masters and Johnson era has disappeared. In spite of various criticisms and various emendations to their classification schemes, their basic findings on the physiology of the sexual response remain intact. Some of their therapeutic techniques, such as the squeeze technique, also remain widely practiced, and, in spite of criticism, much of what they said and did is still at the heart of today's sex therapy. Fuente: Archivo de Sexología Magnus Hirschgeld |
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¿
Cuáles son las causas de la
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